Wednesday, January 11, 2017

Mambo makuu ya kuzingatia katika uchambuzi wa Mashairi

Aina za Mashairi

Zifuatazo ni aina za mashairi kulingana na idadi ya mishororo katika kila ubeti

AINA.                                                      MISHORORO.

Umoja/tathmina.                                             1

 
Tathnia.                                                            2

 Tathlitha.                                                         3

 

Tarbia.                                                              4

 

Takhmisa.                                                           5

 

Tasdisa.                                                               6

 

Usaba.                                                                 7

 

Ukumi.                                                                   10

Tanbihi: Aina za Mashairi ni tofauti na Bahari za Ushairi. Aina za mashairi huzingatia idadi ya mishororo katika kila ubeti ilhali Bahari za Shairi hutegemea na muundo wa shairi kwa kuzingatia vina, mizani, vipande na mpangilio wa maneno. Shairi moja haliwezi kuwa la aina mbili (k.v tarbia na takhmisa) lakini shairi linaweza kuwa katika bahari zaidi ya moja.

Bahari za Ushairi

 Ushairi • Bahari za Ushairi

Bahari za ushairi ni nyingi sana. Shairi huainishwa katika bahari fulani kulingana na mtindo wake, umbo lake na matumizi ya lugha.

Baadhi ya bahari za ushairi ni:

1. Utenzi – shairi ndefu lenye kipande kimoja katika kila mshororo.
2. Mathnawi – ni shairi la vipande viwili (ukwapi na utao) katika kila mshororo.
Mfano:-
Ewe mtunga silabi, na sauti ya kinubi,
Majukumu hatubebi, maadamu hatushibi,
Mateso kwa ajinabi, kwa mabwana na mabibi
Ukija hayatukabi, karibia karibia

3. Ukawafi – ni shairi la vipande vitatu (ukwapi, utao na mwandamo) katika kila mshororo.
Mfano:-
Nashindwa nikupe nini, nishukuru kwa malezi, mapenzi na riziki, 
Ni pendo kiasi gani, lishindalo la mzazi, kweli mama hulipiki,
Ulinilinda tumboni, ukilemewa na kazi, ila moyo huvunjiki,
Kanilisha utotoni, mavazi pia malazi, ukitafuta kwa dhiki.

4. Mavue – Shairi la vipande vinne (ukwapi, utao, mwandamo na ukingo) katika kila mshororo.
Mfano:-
Sisi walipa ushuru, wajenga taifa, tena kwa bidii, twahangaishwa,
Tumenyimwa uhuru, tuna mbaya sifa, hatujivunii, tunapopotoshwa,
Kila tunapopazuru, damu na maafa, hatutulii, hali ya kutishwa

5. Ukaraguni – shairi ambalo vina vyake vya kati na vya mwisho hubadilika kutoka ubetio mmoja hadi mwingine.
Mfano:-
Vina Ubeti 1: —ni, —mi,
ubeti 2: —ta, —lo,
ubeti 3: —po, —wa,

6. Ukara – shairi ambalo vina vya kipande kimoja havibadiliki kutoka ubeti mmoja hadi mwingine, lakini vina vya kipande kingine hubadilika. Kwa mfano, vina vya kati vinafanana kutoka ubeti wa kwanza hadi wa mwisho lakini vina vya kipande cha mwisho vinabadilika kutoka ubeti mmoja hadi mwingine.
Mfano:-
vina Ubeti 1: —shi, —ma,
ubeti 2: —shi, —ko,
ubeti 3: —shi, —le,
ubeti 4: —shi, —pa

7. Mtiririko – shairi ambalo vina vyake vya mwisho na vya kati havibadiliki kutoka ubeti wa kwanza hadi wa mwisho.

kwa mfano vina vikiwa ( —ni, —ka) kutoka ubeti wa kwanza hadi wa mwisho.

8. Mkufu/pindu – Shairi ambalo neno la mwisho au kifungu cha mwisho cha maneno katika ubeti mmoja, hutangulia katika ubeti unaofuatia.
Mfano:-
Hakika tumeteleza, na njia tumepoteza,
Nani wa kutuongoza, aliyepewa uweza,
Filimbi akipuliza, tusiyeweza kupuuza,
Bali twaisikiliza, bila ya kuzungumza,

Bila ya kuzungumza, wala mwendo kulegeza,
Tumwandame ja mwangaza, kututoa palipo giza,
Penye dhiki ya kuliza, bila sauti kupaza
Pengo hili kulijaza, ni nani anayeweza,

9. Kikwamba – Neno moja au kifungu cha maneno hurudiwarudiwa kutanguliza mishororo au ubeti katika shairi.
Mfano:-
Jiwe hili lala nini, ila moshi na majani,
Jiwe linalala lini, litokapo vileoni,
Jiwe hili halineni, lina macho halioni,
Jiwe na tulibebeni, tulitupe mitaroni

10. Kikai – Shairi lenye kipande kimoja kifupi (chenye mizani chache kuliko kingine) Mfano (8,4)
Mfano:-
Nani binadamu yule, adumuye,
Anayeishi milele, maishaye
Jenezani asilale, aluliye,
Kaburi liko mbele, sikimbiye.

11. Msuko – Shairi ambalo kibwagizo/mshororo wa mwisho ni mfupi kuliko mishororo mingineyo. K.v (8,8) (8,8) (8,8) (8).
Mfano:-
Hawajazawa warembo, usidhani umefika,
Ukisifiwa mapambo, jinsi ulivyoumbika,
Akipata jipya umbo, ‘tabaki kihangaika,
Usidhani umefika.

12. Mandhuma – shairi ambalo kipande kimoja hutoa hoja, wazo ama swali, huku cha pili kikitoa jibu/suluhisho.

13. Malumbano – Mashairi mawili ambapo mshairi mmoja hutunga shairi akijibu au kupinga utunzi wa mshairi mwengine.

14. Ngonjera – Shairi lenye wahusika wawili wanaojibizana. K.m. Ubeti wa kwanza, mwalimu, na wa pili, mwanafunzi.

15. Sakarani – Shairi lenye bahari zaidi ya moja.

16. Sabilia – Shairi lisilokuwa na kibwagizo. Kituo (mshororo wa mwisho) hubadilika kutoka ubeti hadi ubeti.

17. Shairi huru – shairi lisilozingatia sheria za ushairi.

18. Shairi guni – shairi lenye makosa ya arudhi za shairi.

Uchambuzi wa Mashairi

• Fasihi • Ushairi • Uchambuzi wa Mashairi

Yafuatayo ni mambo muhimu unayohitajika kuzingatia kila unapochambua shairi.

1. Muundo/Umbo la shairi
2. Uhuru wa Mshairi
3. Maudhui
4. Dhamira
5. Mtindo wa / Mbinu za Lugha

1.      Muundo/Umbo la Ushairi

Katika umbo wa shairi, tunaangazia jinsi shairi lilivyoundwa kwa kuangazia mizani, vina, mishororo n.k Aidha, ni muhimu kutaja aina na bahari za shairi zinazohusiana na kila sifa uliyoitaja.

          Idadi ya mishororo katika kila ubeti – Tumia idadi ya mishororo kubainisha aina ya shairi hilo. 
Kwa mfano: Shairi lina mishororo minne katika kile ubeti, kwa hivyo ni Tarbia

      Idadi ya mizani katika kila mshororo na katika kila kipande cha mshororo. 
Kwa mfano: Kila mshororo una mizani kumi na sita: nane katika utao na nane katika ukwapi.

       Idadi ya vipande katika kila mshororo – Taja ikiwa shairi lina kipande kimoja, viwili, vitatu au vinne kisha utaje bahari yake.

       Kituo, kiishio au kibwagizo – Ikiwa mstari wa mwisho umerudiwa rudiwa, basi shairi lina kibwagizo au kiitikio, la sivyo lina kiishio.

        Vina – Zingatia vina vya kati na vya mwisho kutoka ubeti mmoja hadi mwingine. Kisha utaje ikiwa ni Mtiririko, Ukara au Ukaraguni.

2.      Uhuru wa Mshairi

Mshairi hafungwi na kanuni za kisarufi za lugha katika utunzi wa shairi. Anaweza kufanya makosa ya kisarufi kimakusudi ili shairi lizingatie umbo fulani. Zifuatazo ni njia mbalimbali ambazo mtunzi wa shairi anaweza kutumia kuonyesha uhuru wake.

       Inkisari – kupunguza idadi ya silabi katika neno ili kusawazisha idadi ya mizani katika mshororo.
mfano: kubadilisha ‘nimeona aliyenipenda‘ kuwa ‘meona alenipenda‘.
       
       Mazda – kuongeza silabi katika neno ili kusawazisha idadi ya mizani katika mshororo.
mfano: afya ukijaliwa kuwa afiya ukijaliwa .
  
        Tabdila – kubadilisha silabi ya mwisho ili kustawazisha urari wa vina katika kipande bila kuathiri mizani.
mfano: yahuzunisha dunia kuwa yahuzunisha duniya .

       Kuboronga Sarufi -ni mbinu ya kupangua mpangilio wa maneno ili kuleta urari wa vina au mdundo wa ushairi.
mfano: siku hiyo ikifika kuwa ikifika hiyo siku .

        Utohozi – Kuswahilisha Maneno – Wakati mwingine mshairi anaweza kubadilisha neno la lugha nyingine litamkike kwa Kiswahili ili kudumisha mdundo wa kishairi na pia kupata neno mwafaka litakalotimiza arudhi za kiushairi.
mfano: tukapata intaneti badala ya tukapata ‘internet’ ama mtandao wa tarakilishi.

3.      Maudhui

Maudhui ni jumla ya ujumbe na mawazo mbalimbali yanayojitokeza katika shairi fulani. Haya ni mambo yanayotajwa katika hadithi na yanaweza kujumuisha mawazo zaidi ya moja. Maudhui husaidia kujenga dhamira ya shairi.

4.      Dhamira

Dhamira ni lengo, dhumuni au nia ya mtunzi wa shairi. Mtunzi wa shairi anaweza kuwa na kusudi la kutuonya, kututahadharisha au kutunasihi kuhusiana na jambo fulani.

5.      Mtindo wa Lugha

Mtindo wa lugha hurejelea namna mbalimbali ambazo mshairi anatumia mbinu za lugha. Mshairi anaweza kutumia mbinu za lugha. kama vile: Tanakali za Sauti, Istiara, Takriri, Semi n.k

Thursday, November 17, 2016

International phonetics Alphabets with Examples of sounds


The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system where each symbol is associated with a particular English sound. By using IPA you can know exactly how to pronounce a certain word in English. This helps in improving English pronunciation and feeling more confident speaking in English, whether you learn English on you own or with a specialist teacher in an individual English Accent Trainingclass.

Here are examples of IPA use in common English words. You can practice various vowel and consonant sounds by pronouncing the words. This is one way how you can improve English pronunciation.

 International Phonetic Alphabet Sounds In Everyday Speech  

Short Vowels

IPA Symbol                          Word examples

I                                             Thin, sit, rich, kick, hit.

e                                            Went, intend, send, letter.

æ                                            Cat, hand, nap, flat, have.

ʌ                                     Fun, love, money, one, London, come.

ʊ                                     Put, look, should, cook, book, look.

ɒ                                     Rob, top, watch, squat, sausage.

ə                                      Alive, again, mother.

Long Vowels

IPA Symbol                            Word examples

i:                                           Need, beat, team.

ɜ:                                Third, turn, worse, world, word.

a:                                Glass, half, car, arch, hard.

ɔ:                                 Talk, law, bored, yawn, jaw.

u:                            Few, boot, lose, gloomy, fruit, chew.

Diphthong Vowels

IPA Symbol                            Word examples

ɪə                                    Near, ear, clear, weird, disappear.

eə                                    There, air, care, bear, stairs.

ʊə                                       Cure, pure, tourist.

eɪ                                     Face, space, grace, case, eight.

ɔɪ                                      Joy, employ, toy, coil, oyster.

aɪ                                       My, time, life, high, fly, wide.

əʊ                                     No, don’t, stones, alone, hole.

aʊ                                   Mouth, house, brown, couch.

Consonants Sounds: Fricatives

IPA Symbol                             Word examples

f                                         Full, Friday, fish, knife.

v                                        Vest, village, view, cave.

θ                                 Think, thought, Thursday, earth.

ð                                  Those, brothers, either, others.

s                                      Sight, six, silence, sun, kiss.

z                                     Zoo, crazy, lazy, zigzag, nose.

ʃ                                   Shirt, rush, shop, cash.

ʒ                                   Pleasure, treasure, measure.

h                                   High, help, hold, hello.

Consonants Sounds: Plosives

IPA Symbol                                 Word examples

p                                             Pin, cap, purpose, pause.

b                                              Bag, bubble, build, robe.

t                                                 Time, train, tow, late.

d                                              Door, day, drive, down, feed.

k                                               Cash, quick, cricket, sock.

g                                                  Girl, green, grass, flag.

Consonants Sounds: Affricates

IPA Symbol                              Word examples

ʈʃ                             Choose, cheese, church, watch.

dʒ                                Joy, juggle, juice, stage.

Consonants Sounds: Nasals

IPA Symbol                                 Word examples

m                                       Room, mother, mad, more.

n                                         Now, nobody, knew, turn.

ŋ                                     King, thing, song, swimming.

Consonants Sounds: Approximants

IPA Symbol                                    Word examples

r                                               Road, roses, river, ring, ride.

j                                       Yellow, usual, tune, yesterday, yard.

w                                            Wall, walk, wine, world.

l and ɫ                       Law, lots, leap, long, pill, cold, chill, melt.


Tuesday, November 15, 2016

All about phrases

INTROUDUCTION

A phrase is a group of related words (within a sentence) without both subject and verb. For example, He is laughing at the joker.

A phrase functions as a noun, verb, adverb, adjective or preposition in a sentence. The function of a phrase depends on its construction (words it contains). On the basis of their functions and constructions, phrases are divided into various types i.e. noun phrase, verb phrase, adverb phrase, adjective phrase, appositive phrase, infinite phrase, participle phrase and gerund phrase.

TYPES OF PHRASES AND THERE EXAMPLES

 Noun Phrase

      A noun phrase consists of a noun and otherrelated words (usually modifiers and determiners) which modify the noun. It functions like a noun in a sentence.

A noun phrase consists of a noun as the head word and other words (usually modifiers and determiners) which come after or before the noun. The whole phrase works as a noun in a sentence. 

Noun Phrase = noun + modifiers (the modifiers can be after or before noun)

Examples.

         He is wearing a nice red shirt.          (as noun/object)

         She brought a glass full of water.     (as noun/object)

         The boy with brown hair is laughing. (as noun/subject)

          A man on the roof was shouting.   (as noun/subject)

A sentence can also contain more noun phrases. 
For example. The girl with blue eyes bought a beautiful chair.

 Prepositional phrase.

      A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, object of preposition(noun or pronoun) and may also consist of other modifiers.
e.g. on a table, near a wall, in the room, at the door, under a tree

A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and mostly ends with a noun or pronoun. Whatever prepositional phrase ends with is called object of preposition. A prepositional phrase functions as an adjective or adverb in a sentence.

Examples.

              A boy on the roof is singing a song.  (As adjective)

              The man in the room is our teacher.  (As adjective)

              She is shouting in a loud voice.           (As adverb)

               He always behaves in a good manner.  (As adverb)

 Adjective Phrase.

   An adjective phrase is a group of words that functions like an adjective in a sentence. It consists of adjectives, modifier and any word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
An adjective phrase functions like an adjective to modify (or tell about) a noun or a pronoun in a sentence.

Examples.

        He is wearing a nice red shirt.   (modifies shirt)

       The girl with brown hair is singing a song.(modifies girl)

       He gave me a glass full of water. (modifies glass)

       A boy from America won the race. (modifies boy)

Prepositional phrases and participle phrasesalso function as adjectives so we can also call them adjective phrases when they function as adjective. In the above sentence “The girl with brown hair is singing a song”, the phrase “with brown hair” is a prepositional phrase but it functions as an adjective.

 Adverb Phrase

An adverb phrase is a group of words that functions as an adverb in a sentence. It consists of adverbs or other words (preposition, noun, verb, modifiers) that make a group with works like an adverb in a sentence.
An adverb phrase functions like an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Examples

He always behaves in a good manner. (modifies verb behave)

They were shouting in a loud voice. (modifies verb shout)

 She always drives with care.    (modifies verb drive)

 He sat in a corner of the room.     (modifies verb sit)

 He returned in a short while.    (modifies verb return)

A prepositional phrase can also act as an adverb phrase. For example in above sentence “He always behaves in a good manner”, the phrase “in a good manner” is a prepositional phrase but it acts as adverb phrase here.

 Verb Phrase

     A verb phrase is a combination of main verb and its auxiliaries (helping verbs) in a sentence.

Examples.

             He is eating an apple.

             She has finished her work.

             You should study for the exam.

             She has been sleeping for two hours.

According to generative grammar, a verb phrase can consist of main verb, its auxiliaries, its complements and other modifiers. Hence it can refer to the whole predicate of a sentence.

Example.

You should study for the exam.

 Infinitive Phrase

An infinitive phrase consist of an infinitive(to + simple form of verb) and modifiers or other words associated to the infinitive. An infinitive phrase always functions as an adjective, adverb or a noun in a sentence.

Examples.

He likes to read books.           (As noun/object)

To earn money is a desire of everyone.    (As noun/subject)

He shouted to inform people about fire.  (As adverb, modifies verb shout)

He made a plan to buy a car.       (As adjective, modifies noun plan)

 Gerund Phrase

A gerund phrase consists of a gerund(verb + ing) and modifiers or other words associated with the gerund. A gerund phrase acts as a noun in a sentence.

Examples

 I like writing good essays.         (As noun/object)

 She started thinking about the problem.  (As noun/object)
              
Sleeping late in night is not a good habit.   (As noun/subject)
 
Weeping of a baby woke him up.     (As noun/subject)

 Participle Phrase

            A participle phrase consists of a present participle (verb + ing), a past participle (verb ending in -ed or other form in case of irregular verbs) and modifiers or other associate words. A participle phrase is separated by commas. It always acts as an adjective in a sentence.

Examples

 The kids, making a noise, need food.  (modifies kids)
             
I received a letter, mentioning about my exam. (modifies letter)

The table, made of steel, is too expensive. (modifies table)
             
We saw a car, damaged in an accident.     (modifies car)

 Absolute Phrase

Absolute phrase (also called nominative phrase) is a group of words including a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as any associated modifiers. Absolute phrase modifies (give information about) the entire sentence. It resembles a clause but it lack a true finiteverb. It is separated by a comma or pairs ofcommas from the rest sentence.

Examples

 He looks sad, his face expressing worry.
         
She was waiting for her friend, her eyes on the clock.
             
John is painting a wall, his shirt dirty with paint.

Thursday, March 19, 2015

why facebook is the best social networking site?





With the inception of social networking sites in the early 2000s, there were several start-up companies looking to maximize their membership and excel in niche areas. In the first few years that Facebook entered the scene, it was meant to be the best way for college students to socialize and connect. It didn't take long for this service to expand and become inclusive of people of all ages, from 13 on up. For several years now, Facebook has maintained its title of the best social networking website.
Facebook's service is constantly updating. This social network site has seen the mistakes of former top social networking sites like Myspace. To stay on top, Facebook has realized that it must add features and change the site layout to stay ahead of the curve and keep from becoming stagnant. This social network has framed the way that most other social networks work. Its wide variety of picture, video, advertising and security features will keep this social media service at the top for the time being.
Facebook has become a way of life. You can instantly communicate with old high school friends or peruse your neighbor's vacation photos. This social network is so pervasive that it's unusual if you hear someone claim they don't have a Facebook account. Because of the number of members it has and its vast features, Facebook is our TopTenREVIEWS Gold Award winner for social media sites.
Networking Features
10/10
9.4
One of many aspects that Facebook has perfected is dealing with usability. This social network is centered on keeping people logged in to their accounts. Even when you visit other sites, Facebook wants to be just one click away. In fact, you can't visit many sites without seeing the social media buttons that allow you to share the content on Facebook. When you log in to this social media site, the first thing you see will be a news feed that keeps you updated on the lives of your friends. The Facebook toolbar will notify you immediately if you have a new friend request, an unread message in your inbox or if someone commented on or liked your status or posts.
Facebook is an entirely free service. There are no AdSense ads clogging up the page. You will see a column of ads tailored to your tastes using internet cookies. The ads are small, and you learn to see past them. Where Facebook thrives in terms of advertisements is through the growth of small businesses owned by Facebook members. You can create a page for your business, band or event and gain publicity by asking for likes and keeping people consistently informed about your business. You can also gain attention and reach for new likes by creating your own Facebook advertisement.
The mobile app for this social network is very impressive and can even provide for a better experience if you only care to see what is highlighted by the news feed. It cuts out the majority of ads, suggestions and friends that are current online and open to chat. These options are still available from your smartphone or tablet, but they are hidden unless you swipe the screen, either right or left.
We are impressed by how much information you can upload to your Facebook account. You can post YouTube videos and watch them directly from your news feed without even following the link and opening a new window. Also, beyond uploading photo albums, you can upload personal videos, just in case you have relatives who may have missed out on special memories, like a child's first steps or footage of your friends they may have forgotten about after a night of partying. We find that Facebook really does allow you to keep in touch with friends in many different ways, even if much of it is over sharing.
Profiles
8.8/10
Facebook's website design is straightforward. It has few graphics or decoration, but most users adore the uniform, utilitarian interface. Although you can't customize skins or change the color scheme, you can rearrange the position of some of your information boxes on your profile by simply dragging and dropping them to other spots on the screen.
When you edit your profile, you can be as specific as you'd like to be. You can make your profile a mini resume with your current and past jobs. You can also add items to your education networks. Once you add this information, Facebook can focus on specific suggestions for people you may know from your university or current job. You can also add your basic information such as where you live, your favorite quotes, your website, and your religious and political views.
Search
10/10
Facebook's search bar will allow you to search based on any aspect. If you want to join a fan page, you can find it by looking up keywords or names. Though this social networking website isn't only for college students, there is still a big focus on finding friends that you have gone to school with. If you search by email address and find friends who aren't Facebook members yet, you can send invites and, should they choose to eventually start an account, they will immediately be notified of your friend invite.

Security
10/10

You must be at least 13 years old to register with Facebook. You cannot browse the Facebook database without registering for an account. In its terms of service agreement, Facebook states that it does not allow offensive content such as sexually charged language and explicit photos; however, it also states that it is not responsible for closely monitoring the content on the website. Facebook encourages members to report content they find offensive. Facebook also allows you to block individual users, report spam and report profile abuse.
Facebook has some of the most specific and custom privacy setting of all the social network sites we reviewed. In addition to making your entire profile private, you can select which sections of your profile you would like displayed and to whom. For example, your wall can be open to everyone, but your photographs can be set to only display to your friends or friends of friends. The same is true for your personal information, education, work and contact information.
Facebook Summary:
9.6/10
Facebook is the king of social networking sites for a reason. We felt the safest while navigating this site. You also can't go wrong with its great mobile app, and being connected to your friends whenever you feel like it. Facebook is the go-to service for staying in touch with friends and family, reuniting with old friends and making new connections.


HTML tags and meaning!!!

HTML(hypertext makeup language)is the set of markup symbols or codes inserted in a file intended for display on a World Wide Web browser page.The following are some of HTML tags and there meaning.

Tags

Meaning

<HTML> .... </HTML>Hyper Text Markup Language
<HEAD> .... </HEAD>The head, or prologue, of the HTML document
<BODY> .... </BODY>All the other content in the HTML document
<TITLE> .... </TITLE>The title of the document
<P>Paragraph
<BR>Line Break
<HR>
<HR SIZE=?>
<HR WIDTH=?>
<HR WIDTH=%>
<HR NOSHADE>
Horizontal Rule
Thickness (in pixels)
Width (in pixels)
Width Percent (as a percentage of page width)
Solid Line (without the 3D cutout look)
<!- . . . ->Comment
<A> . . . </A>Links the current HTML file to another file.
href=Hyper Text Reference
<LI>List
<OL>
<LI>
</OL>
Organized List ("LI" before each list item)
<UL>
<LI>
</UL>
Unorganized List ("LI" before each list item)
<DL>
<DT>
<DD>
</DL>
Definition List
Term
Definition
End Definition List
<IMG SRC=>Image Source
<B>
</B>
Bold
<I>
</I>
Italic
<STRONG>
</STRONG>
Strong Emphasis (usually displayed as bold)
<EM>
</EM>
Emphasis (usually displayed as italic)
<BLOCKQUOTE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
Block Quote (usually indented)
<TT>
</TT>
Typewriter (displays in a monospaced font)
<PRE>
</PRE>
Preformatted (display text spacing as-is)
<table>
<TR>
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Wednesday, January 21, 2015

Different Types of Switches - Network Switches




Posted January 22, 2015 at 8:30 am

A network switch is a small hardware device that links multiple computers together within one local area network, wide area network and different network topology. Network switches work at Data Link Layer of the OSI model.
LAN Switch or Active Hub
Local area network or known as LAN switches andothers called it active hubs are devices used to connect points on a company’s internal LAN. It is also known as a data switch or an Ethernet switch. It blocks the overlap of data packets running through a network by the economical allocation of bandwidth. Bandwidth refers to the amount of data to be carried from one point to another given a period of time.The active hubdelivers the transmitted data packet before directing it to its planned receiver. A LAN switch or an active hub reduces network congestion or bottlenecks by distributing a package of data only to its intended recipient. An active hub gives priority to the package of data and sends data of the highest priority before it sends low-priority packets.
LAN Switch
Unmanaged Network Switches
Unmanaged network switches are frequently used in home networks and small companies and businesses. It permits devices on the network to connect with each other, such as computer to computer or printer to computer in one location. An unmanaged switch does not necessarily need to be configured or watched. They are simple and easy to set up and needs only small cable connections. The switch’s aids over a hub are full bandwidth to eachport, rather than destroying all the data over all the ports like a hub, and dealing with collisions and network traffics.
Unmanaged Network Switches
Managed Switches
Managed switches can be customized to enhance the functionality of a certain network. They are achieved by setting a simple network management protocol or SNMP. Two types of managed switches include smart switches and enterprise managed switches. Smart switches have a limited set of management features which provide a web interface and accept configuration of basic settings, such as virtual LAN or VLANs, port-bandwidth and duplex.Smart switches are ideally used in fast and constant LANs, which support gigabit data transfer and allocations.
Managed Switches
Enterprise managed switches are also known as fully managed switches. They have a wide ranging of management features which includes a web interface SNMP agent and command-line interface. Also, its features include the capability to fix, copy, transform and display different network configurations. They are found in large companies which contained of a large number of connections and nodes, switches and ports. Enterprise managed switches have more features that can be modified or enhanced, and are usually more expensive than traditional smart switches.
Router
An electronic device that sends data packets along networks.It is connected to at least two usually two local area network (LANs) or wide area network (WANs). Routers are located at gateways wherein the places where two or more networks are connected.
Router